Ascetic,
mystic, and founder of the Franciscan Order. |
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Son of a wealthy
family, Francis gave up his fortune to adopt a life of poverty and contemplation.
Later he became convinced of a call to preach, especially to the poor
and the suffering. Francis gathered like-minded disciples around him and
in time sought the approval of a pope for the organization of a new order,
the Order of Friars Minor. Poverty and itinerant preaching were to be
the primary tasks of this mendicant order.
The order was soon divided by conflict between the so-called "Spirituals"
who insisted on a rigorous appropriation of the legacy of Francis and
more moderate members who wished the order to own property. Pope John
XXII decided against the Spirituals and many of them left the order to
become Fraticelli, schismatic advocates of poverty. In later centuries
the order was repeatedly divided by conflicts over poverty, with rigorist
or observant parties pitted against conventual or more lax factions. The
order divided several times, but most factions were reunited in 1897.
The order has also been known for its contributions to theology. Bonaventure
and William of Occam were among its theologians
in the medieval period.
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