Lateran Council IV
(1215)
Middle Ages

Council enacting measures of reform and establishing practical and doctrinal norms, including the doctrine of transubstantiation.

This council enacted measures of reform reminding bishops of their duties and providing for preaching in the cathedrals. It prohibited the proliferation of new religious orders and emphasized the observance of clerical celibacy. Layfolk were commanded to confess and to commune at least once annually. The doctrine of transubstantiation was officially named and endorsed.



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