"The Haugeans" by Adolf Tiedemand, depicts prayer meeting

Industrialization created poverty among working families in the cities, and left many outside the reach of European state churches. Responding to these conditions was a network of volunteer movements whose goals of evangelism and social service stemmed from Pietism. Hans Nielsen Hauge, a lay preacher who became the leader of a spiritual awakening in Norway, emphasized conversion and holy living. In Stockholm Carl Rosenius (1816-1868) sought to awaken faith within the state church of Sweden. In Germany in 1848-- the year of revolutions and worker-uprisings throughout Europe--Johann Wichern (1808-1881) founded the "Inner Mission." Its aims were to link all German Protestant charities and to revitalize Christian witness among the industrial masses. Amelia Sieveking mobilized women in humanitarian work. The Inner Mission emphasized the role of the laity and the power of Christian love to heal social ills. In the United States, Evangelicalism and the Social Gospel had goals similar to those of the European Awakenings and Inner Mission.